Ethics Resource List


1. The Ethics of Hopsital Trustees. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2004.

2. Man Made Men. 2002;.

3. Image manipulation and the question of ethics. J Audiov Media Med (H99) 1993;July(16 (3)):130-2.

4. Being and believing: ethics of virtual reality (editorial). Lancet338:283-4.

5. Aaron DJ, Sekikawa A, Libman IM, Iochida L, Barinas-Mitchell E and LaPorte RE. Telepreventive Medicine. M.D. Computing 1996;13:335-8.

6. Adams GA. Computer technology: its impact on nursing practice. Nursing Administration Quarterly 1986;10(2):21-33.

7. Adams T, Budden M, Hoare C and Sanderson H. Lessons from the central Hampshire electronic health record pilot project: issues of data protection and consent. British Medical Journal 2004;328:871-874.

8. Adman HP, Foster SW. Ethical issues in the use of computer-based assessment. Computers in Human Services 1988;3:71-87.

9. Allaërt F, Dusserre L. Decision support system and medical liability. 1992;:750-753.

10. Allaert F, Le Teuff G, Quantin C and Barber B. The legal acknowledgement of the electronic signature: a key for asecure direct access of patients to their computerised medical record. International Journal of Medical Informatics73(3):pp 239-242.

11. Alpert S. Smart cards, smarter policy: medical records, privacy, and health care reform. Hastings Center Report 1993;23(6):13-23.

12. Alpert S. Chapter V: Health Care Information: Access, Confidentiality, and Good Practice. In: Goodman K, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1998:75-101.

13. Alpert SA. Protecting Medical Privacy: Challenges in the Age of Genetic Information. J Soc Iss 2003;59(2):301-22.

14. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Guide for Properties of a Universal Healthcare Identifier (UHID). W. Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995.

15. Anderson JG. The role of ethics in information technology decisions: a case-based approach to biomedical informatics education. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2004;(73):145-150.

16. Anderson JG, Aydin CE. Chapter IV: Evaluating Medical Information Systems: Social Contexts and Ethical Challenges. In: Goodman KW, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998:57-74.

17. Anderson JG, Goodman KW. Ethics and Information Technology: A Case-Based Approach to a Health Care System in Transition. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 2002.

18. Anderson J. The role of ethics in IT decision-making in health care. In: Ball M, Weaver C and Kiel J, ed. Healthcare Information Management Systems. New York, New York: Springer, 2004.

19. Anderson J. Security of the distributed electronic patient record: a case-based approach to identifying policy issues. Int J Med Inf 2000;(60):111-118.

20. Anderson J. The business of cyber health care. MD Computing 1999;(16):23-25.

21. Anderson J, Eysenbach G and Rainey M. The impact of cyber health care on the physician-patient relationship. J Med Syst 2003;27:67-84.

22. Anthony J. Who's reading your medical records? American Health 1993;(November):54-7.

23. Arsenault S, Gaudet D. Does a Computer-Based System Help Researchers in Medical Genetics to Perform Familial Studies Without Manipulating Nominal Data? 1997;:906.

24. Ashcroft RE, Goddard PR. Ethical issues in teleradiology. The British Journal of Radiology 2000;73(June):578-582.

25. Bader SA. Are Computer-based Educational Materials Recognized as Publications? An Analysis of Promotion Documents at Americal Medical Colleges. 1993;:747-751.

26. Barber B, Treacher A and Louwerse CP, eds. Towards Security in Medical Telematics: Legal and Technical Aspects. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1996.

27. Barclay ML, Elkins TE. Acad Med (ACM) 1991;Oct(66 (10)):592-4g medical ethics.

28. Barhyte DY. Ethical issues in automating nursing personnel data. Computers in Nursing5 (5):171-4.

29. Barrows R, Clayton P. Privacy, confidentiality and electronic medical records. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1996;3:139-48.

30. Bartlett EE. Computers can thwart medical malpractice claims. Risk Management 1994;June:67-71.

31. Bartlett EE. Patient-Centered Computing: Can It Curb Malpractice Risk? 1993;:69-73.

32. Bassett E, Kate O. Ethics of Internet Research: Contesting the Human Subjects Research Model. Ethics and Information Technology 2002;4(3; Internet Research Ethics: International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives):233-47.

33. Behlen FM, Johnson SB. Security architecture for multi-site patient records research. 1999;:476-480.

34. Beier BR. Medical Computing Law - The Way To Correct Medical Information and Documentation. 1983;:645-647.

35. Berman J, Moore G and Hutchins G. Maintaining Patient Confidentiality in the Public Domain Internet Autopsy Database (IAD). 1996;:328-37.

36. Bishku D, Homer C, Mandl K and Kohane I. ParentLink - A Web Based Communications Tool for Parents and Pediatricians. 1998;:976.

37. Bland DE. Negotiating for Computer Software. 1987;:607-610.

38. Boguski MS. Hunting for genes in computer data bases. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;333:645-7.

39. Bouzelat H, Quantin C and Dusserre L. Extraction and Anonymity Protocol of Medical File. 1996;:323-7.

40. Bouzelat H, Quantin C and Dusserre L. Extraction and Anonymity Protocol of Medical File. 1993;:323-327.

41. Bowen J, Klimczak J, Ruiz M and Barnes M. Design of Access Control Methods for Protecting the Confidentiality of Patient Information in Networked Systems. 1997;:46-50.

42. Brannigan VM. Protecting the privacy of patient information in clinical networks: regulatory effectiveness analysis (found in Extended Clinical Consulting by Hospital Computer Networks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1992;670:190-201.

43. Brannigan VM, Beier B. Standards ofr privacy in medical information systems: a technico-legal revolution. Datenschutz und Datensicherung 1991;9:467-72.

44. Brannigan VM. Protection of Patient Data in Multi-institutional Medical Computer Networks: Regulatory Effectiveness Analysis. 1993;:59-63.

45. Brannigan VM. Patent Privacy: A Consumer Protection Approach. 1983;:648-651.

46. Branningan VM. A Framework for "Need to Know" Authorizations in Medical Computer Systems: Responding to the Constitutional Requirements. 1994;:392-6.

47. Branningan VM. Software Quality Regulation Under the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990: Hospitals Are Now the Canaries in the Software Mine. 1991;:238-42.

48. Brooks J, Renz K, Kattoua S, White, SE, Richardson, SL and Delgigante J. Linking environmental and health care databases: assessing the health effects of environmental pollutants. International Journal of Biomedical Computing 1993;32:279-88.

49. Brushwood DB. Responsive Regulation of Internet Pharmacy Practice. Annals of Health Law 2001;Volume 10:75-103.

50. Bubolz TA, Wennberg JE, Malenka DJ, Fisher ES and McLerran DF. Preparing Patient Histories and Unit Records from Linked Medicare Data. 1989;:407-413.

51. Bynum TW, Jodor JL. Chapter II: Medical Informatics and Human Values. In: Goodman KW, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1998:32-42.

52. Capurro R, Pingel C. Ethical Issues of Online Communication research. Ethics and Information Technology 2002;4(3; Internet Research Ethics: International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives):189-94.

53. Christiansen JR. Health Information Technology and Privacy: The Legal Perspective. MD Computing 1999;:15-16.

54. Chuch HC, Raila WF, Berkowicz DA and Barnett GO. An XML Portable Chart Format. 1998;:730-734.

55. Chute C, Cesnik B and van Bemmel J. Medical data and knowledge management by integrated medical workstations: summary and recommendations. Int J Biomed Comput (GQQ) 1994;Jan(34 (1-4)):175-83.

56. Chute CG. Medical Information Retrieval and WWW Browsers at Mayo. 1995;:903-907.

57. Cimino J, Sengupta S, Clayton P, Patel V, Kushniruk A and Huang X. Architecture of a Web-Based Clinical Information System that Keeps the Design Open and the Access Closed. 1998;:121-5.

58. Colby KM. Ethics of computer assisted psychotherapy. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice 1986;19:286-289.

59. Cooper GF, Buchanan BG, Kayaalp M, Saul M and Vries JK. 1998;:180-184.

60. Council of Europe. Draft Recommendation No. R (96) of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Protection of Medical Data [and other Genetic Data] (and Explanatory memorandum revised in light of decisions taken at the 30th meeting of the CJ-PD) (21-24 November 1995).

61. Council on Scientific Affairs. Feasibility of ensuring confidentiality and security of computer-based patient records. Arch Fam Med (BX6) 1993;May(2 (5)):556-60.

62. Davies B. A discussion of safety issues for medical robots. Computer-Integrated Surgery: Technology and Clinical Applications 1996;:287-96.

63. Dayhoff RE, Kuzmak PM, Kirin G and Frank S. Providing a Complete Online Multimedia Patient Record. 1999;:241-245.

64. de Dombal F. Ethical considerations concerning computers in medicine in the 1980s. Journal of Medical Ethics13:179-84.

65. Denning D, Lin H. Rights and Responsibilities of Participants in Networked Communities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994.

66. Derr J. Teaching ethical practice in statistics. Amstat News 1994;(May):13-14.

67. Derse AR, Krogull SR. The Bioethics Discussion Forum - An Implementation of an Internet-Based Bioethics Information Analysis Resource. 1995;:101-105.

68. Detmer DE. Health and the National Inforamtion Infrastructure. 1998;:2-7.

69. Dick RS, Steen EB, eds. The Computer-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press (Institute of Medicine), 1991.

70. Dickson D. Open access to sequence data "will boost hunt for breast cancer gene.". Nature 1995;378:425.

71. Donaldson A, Walker P. Information governance-a view from the NHS. :pp 281-284.

72. Donaldson MS, Lohr KN, eds. Health Data in the Information Age: Use, Disclosure, and Privacy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press (Institute of Medicine), 1994.

73. Donaldson MS, Lohr KN and Bulger RJ. From the Institute of Medicine: Health data in the information age: use, disclosure, and privacy - part II. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994;271:1392.

74. Doroszewski J. Ethical and methodological aspects of medical computer databases and knowledge bases. Theor Med (VPO) 1988;Jun(9 (2)):117-28.

75. Dulbandzhyan R, Saperia D, Polacheck J, Duncan R and Plata C. Security Management Strategies for a Clinical Data Repository. 1998;:995.

76. Elgesem D. What is Special About the Ethical Issues in Online Research? Ethics and Information Technology 2002;4(3; Internet Research Ethics: International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives):195-203.

77. Eysenbach G, Till JE. Ethical issues in qualitative research on internet communities. BMJ 2001;(323):1103-1105.

78. Ferri CA, Klein SR. New Modalities Complicate the Legal Balance. MDComputing 2000;:40-42-19-22, 69-74.

79. Ford BD. Ethical and professional issues in computer assisted therapy. Computers in Human Behavior 1993;9:387-400.

80. Forslund D, Phillips R, Kilman D and Cook J. Experiences with a Distributed Virtual Patient Record System. 1996;:483-7.

81. Fox J. Decision-support systems as safety-critical components: towards a safety culture for medical informatics. Methods of Information in Medicine 1993;32:345-8.

82. Friedman KM. Internet Prescribing Limitations and Alternatives. Annals of Health Law 2001;Volume 10:139-178.

83. Gallagher RJ, Sengupta S, Hripcsak G, Barrows, Randolph C. Jr. and Clayton PD. An Audit Server for Monitoring Usage of Clinical Information Systems. 1998;:1002.

84. Gamerman GE. FDA regulation of biomedical software. 1992;:745-9.

85. Gamerman GE. FDA Regulation of Biomedical Software. 1992;:745-749.

86. Gaunt N, Roger-France F. Security of the electronic health care record - professional and ethical implications. In: Barber B, Treacher A and Louwerse CP, ed. Towards Security in Medical Telematics: Legal and Technical Aspects. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1996:10-22.

87. Gilbert S. On-line health tips offer vast mountains of gems and junk. New York Times National Edition 1996;:B8.

88. Goldstein MK, Michelson D, Clarke AE and Lenert LA. A Multimedia Preference-Assessment Tool for Functional Outcomes. 1993;:844-848.

89. Goodman KW. Ethical Issues in Telemedicine. In: Working Papers in Ethics and Policy. Miami, Florida: University of Miami Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy, 1996.

90. Goodman KW. Ethical Issues in Telemedicine. In: Working Papers in Ethics and Policy. Miami, Florida: University of Miami Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy, 1996.

91. Goodman KW. Ethics, genomics and information retrieval. Computers in Biology and Medicine 1996;26:223-9.

92. Goodman KW. Machine Translation and Informed Consent. In: Working Papers in Ethics and Policy. Miami, Florida: University of Miami Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy, 1996.

93. Goodman KW. Monitoring ethics. Physicians and Computers 1993;10(March):10-12.

94. Goodman KW. Electronic roundtables for medical ethics. Kennedy institute of Ethics Journal 1992;2:233-51.

95. Goodman K. Bioinformatics: challenges revisited. MD Comput 1999;(16):17-20.

96. Goodman KW. Bioethics and Health Informatics: An Introduction. In: Goodman KW, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998:1-31.

97. Goodman KW. Outcomes, Futility, and Health Policy Research. In: Goodman KW, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998:116-138.

98. Goodman KW. Meta-analysis: Conceptual, Ethical and Policy Issues. In: Goodman KW, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998:139-167.

99. Gostin L. Health care information and the protection of personal privacy: ethical and legal considerations. Ann Intern Med Part 2 1997;127:683-690.

100. Gostin LO. Health information privacy. Cornell Law Review 1995;80:101-84.

101. Gostin LO, Turek-Brezina J, Powers M, Kozloff R, Faden R and Steinauer D. Privacy and security of personal information in a new health care system. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270:2487-93.

102. Gray M, Adams E. Strict Liability for the Malfunction of a Medical Expert System. 1987;:93-99.

103. Greenes RA, Boxwala A, Sloan WN, Ohno-Machado L and Deibel SRA. A Framework and Tools for Authoring, Editing, Documenting, Sharing, Searching, Navigating, and Executing Computer-Based Clinical Guidelines. 1999;:261-265.

104. Gritzalis D, Tomaras A, Katsikas S and Keklikoglou J. Medical data protection: a proposal for a deontology code. J Med Syst (IZM) 1990;Dec(14 (6)):375-86.

105. Gunby P. International electronic link solves medical puzzle. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995;274:1750.

106. Hamilton RA. FDA examining computer diagnosis. FDA Consumer 1995;29(7):20-4.

107. Hauan MJ. JADE: computerization of a structured interview for childhood psychiatric diagnosis. 1999;:276-280.

108. Heathfield HA, Wyatt JC. The road to professionalism in medical informatics: a proposal for debate. Methods of Information in Medicine 1995;34:426-33.

109. Hendricks E, Hayden T and Novik JD. Your Right to Privacy: A Basic Guide to Legal Rights in an Information Society. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press (American Civil Liberties Union), 1990.

110. Henkind SJ, Orlowski JM and Skarulis PC. Application of a Multilevel Access Model in the Development of a Security Infrastructure for a Clinical Information System. 1993;:64-68.

111. Herrmann FR, Safran C. Exploring a Hospital-Wide Database: Integrating Statistical Functions with ClinQuery. 1991;:583-587.

112. Ishikawa K, Konishi N, Tsukuma H, Tsuru S, Kawamura A and Iwata N. A clinical management system for patient participatory health caresupport - Assuring the patients' rights and confirming operation ofclinical treatment and hospital administration. :pp 243-249.

113. Jakobovits R, Brinkley J. Query-By-Context: A Framework for Modeling and Navigating Multimedia Research Data. 1998;:1021.

114. James AJ, Erickson J, Carroll F, Pickens D, Zaner R and Chapman J. Medical image management: practical, legal and ethical considerations. Comput Biol Med (DOC) 1986;(16 (4)):247-57.

115. Jones PC, Silverman BG and Arthanasoulis M, et al. Nationwide Telecare for Diabetics: A Pilot Implementation of the HOLON Architecture. 1998;:346-350.

116. Katsikas SK, Gritzalis DA. The need for security policy in health care institutions. Int J Biomed Comput (GQQ) 1994;Feb(35 Suppl):73-80.

117. Keshavjee K, Willison DJ and Holbrook AM. Communicating Privacy and Confidentiality Issues to Physicians and Patients in a Research Study using Electronic Medical Records. 1999;:1098.

118. Kluge EH. Health information, privacy, confidentiality and ethics. Int J Biomed Comput (GQQ) 1994;Feb(35 Suppl):23-7.

119. Kluge EW. Informed consent and the security of the electronic health record (EHR): some policy considerations. :pp 229-234.

120. Kluge W-W. Advanced patient records: some ethical and legal considerations touching medical information space. Methods of Information in Medicine 1993;32:95-103.

121. Kohane I, Dong H and Szolovits P. Health Information Identification and De-Identification Toolkit. 1998;:356-60.

122. Kolata G. New frontier in research: mining patient records. New York Times 1994;A11.

123. Kowalski S. An accountability server for health care information systems. Int J Biomed Comput (GQQ) 1994;Feb(35 Suppl):129-38.

124. Lamberg L. Patients go on-line for support. American Medical News 1996;39(13)(April 1):10-12-15.

125. Lamson RJ. Virtual therapy: the treatment of phobias in cyberspace. Behavioral Healthcare Tomorrow 1995;4(1):51-3.

126. LaPorte RE. Standards for information systems in the global health network. Lancet 1996;344:1640-1.

127. Lessenberry J. Many turning to Internet for aid with suicide. New York Times National Edition (July 15) 1995;:A6.

128. Leyerle BJ, LoBue M and Shabot MM. Prediction of ICU Resource Requirements Based upon On-Line Acuity and Census Measurements. 1989;:600-604.

129. Lincoln TL. Privacy: a real-world problem with fuzzy boundaries [editorial; comment]. Methods Inf Med (MVI) 1993;Apr(32 (2)):104-7.

130. Lindberg DA, Siegel ER. G7: A Framework for Internatinal Cooperation in Medical Informatics. 1998;:15-18.

131. Lipson L. State Initiatives to Promote Telemedicine. Intergovernmental Health Policy Project 1995;.

132. Malloy N. The Informatics Nurse Specialist As Privacy Officer. J Healthc Inf Manag 2003;17(3):54-58.

133. Mann D, Goodrum K, DeWine JM and McVicker J. A Curriculum Database with Boolean Natural-Language Searching in HyperCard. 1992;:779-80.

134. Markovitz BP, Goodman KW. Case Reports on the Web: Is Confidentiality Being Maintained? 1999;:1114.

135. Marr P. Maintaining patient confidentiality in an electronic world. Int J Biomed Comput (GQQ) 1994;Feb(35 Suppl):213-7.

136. McCormick KA. Monitoring and Evaluating Implemented HIS. 1983;:507-510.

137. McEnery KW, Roth SM and Walkup RV. Radiology CME on the Web Using Secure Document Transfer and Internationally Distributed Image Servers. 1993;:37-40.

138. McGowan J, Evans J and Michl K. Networking a need: a cost-effective approach to statewide health information delivery. 1995;:571-5.

139. Medical Information Bureau (MIB). The Consumer's MIB Fact Sheet. Westwood, Mass.: Medical Information Bureau, 1991.

140. Medical Information Bureau (MIB). MIB, Inc.: A Consumer's Guide. Westwood, Mass.: Medical Information Bureau, 1990.

141. Mercier AM. Expert system standards on the way? Computerdata 1990;15(8):10-13.

142. Merril JR. The future of virtual reality, medicine, and the Information SUperhighway. Heuristics 1994;7 (Spring):33-5.

143. Milholland DK. Privacy and confidentiality of patient information. Challenges for nursing. J Nurs Adm (JEL) 1994;Feb(24 (2)):19-24.

144. Miller NW. Patients' records are treasure trove for budding industry. Wall Street Journal 1992;A1, A6.

145. Miller RA, Schaffner KF and Meisel A. Ethical and legal issues related to the use of computer programs in clinical medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine 1985;102:529-36.

146. Miller RA, Goodman KW. Chapter VI: Ethical Challenges in the Use of Decision-Support Software in Clinical Practice. In: Goodman KW, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998:102-115.

147. Mills ME. Data Privacy and Confidentiality in The Public Arena. 1997;:42-45.

148. Mills ME. Data Privacy and Confidentiality in the Public Arena. 1997;:42-5.

149. Mohan J, Yaacob R. The Malaysian Telehealth Flagship Application: a national approach to health data protection and utilisation and consumer rights. :pp 217-227.

150. Moor JH. Are there decisions computers should never make? Nature and System1:217-29.

151. Morris AH, East TD and Wallace CJ, et al. Ethical Implications of Standardization of ICU Care with Computerized Protocols. 1994;:501-505.

152. Morris A, East T and Wallace C, et al. Ethical Implications of Standardization of ICU Care with Computerized Protocols. 1994;:501-5.

153. Moura L, do Amaral M, Lira A, Tachinardi U, Teixeira A and Yamamoto J. Renewing Information Infrastructure at Hospital das Clinicas. 1998;:200-4.

154. Moura L, do Amaral M, Lira A, Tachinardi U, Teixeira A and Yamamoto J. Renewing Information Infrastructure at Hospital da Clínicas. 1998;:200-204.

155. Nicholson WF, Jelliffe RW. Formulation of Phlebotomist's Work Schedule and Nurse's or Pharmacist's Dosing Schedule Using an HP-41CV Hand Calculator With Clock Function. 1983;:211.

156. Niinimaki J, Savolainen M and Forsstrom J. Methodology for Security Development of an Electronic Prescription Service. 1998;:245-9.

157. Norton SA, Lindborg EC and Delaplain CB. Consent and privacy in telemedicine. Hawaii Medical Journal 1993;52:340-1.

158. Norton SA, Lindborg EC and Delaplain CB. Consent and privacy in telemedicine. Hawaii Medical Journal 1979;1:217-29.

159. Novaes M, Carvalho A, Araújo A and Filho J. Biosoftware - Software For Teaching And Learning Health Topics. 1993;:980.

160. Novick HL. Software Warranties: What You See May Not Be What You Get. 1983;:639-642.

161. Oates R. Confidentiality and privacy from the physician perspective. 1992;:138-43.

162. O'Carroll P, Yasnoff W and Wilhoite W. Public Health Informatics: A CDC Course for Public Health Program Managers. 1998;:472-6.

163. Ochs LJ. American Bar Association-Computer Law Division Legal Protection For The Value Of Information In Computer Systems. 1983;:643-644.

164. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). Protecting Privacy in Computerized Medical Information. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office (OTA-TCT-576), 1993b.

165. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). Report Brief: Protecting Privacy in Computerized Medical Information. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993a.

166. Olsen A, Guise D, Borden R, Miers M, Reeves M and Stead W. Implementation of Organizational Practices to Proect Information in Health Organizations. 1998;:371-5.

167. Oshel RE, Croft T and Rodak J. The National Practitioner Data Bank: the first 4 years. Public Health Reports 1995;110:383-94.

168. Parker M, Gray M. What is the role of clinical ethics support in the era of e-medicine? J Med Ethics 2001;27(Suppl. 1):i33-i35.

169. Pheby D. Sharing electronic health records: Confidentiality is a big issue. British Medical Journal 2004;328:1437-1438.

170. Prophet CM. Evaluation of Online Documentation. 1998;:255-260.

171. Pryor D, Harrell FJ, Lee K, Califf R and Rosati R. Using Experience to Improve Clinical Decision Making. 1983;:936-939.

172. Raman R, Reddy R, Jagannathan V, Reddy S, Cleetus J and Srinivas K. A Strategy for the Development of Secure Telemedicine Applications. 1993;:344-348.

173. Ravera L, Colombo I, Tedeschi M and Ravera A. Security and privacy at the private multispecialty hospital Istituto Clinico Humanitas: strategy and reality. :pp 321-324.

174. Reni G, Moteni M, Arlotti S and Pinciroli F. Chief medical officer actions on information security in an Italianrehabilitation centre. :pp 271-279.

175. Rind DM, Safran C. Real and Imagined Barriers to an Electronic Medical Record. 1993;:74-78.

176. Rind D, Kohane I, Szolovits P, Safran C, Chueh H and Barnett G. Confidentiality of Medical Records in the W3-EMRS Project. 1997;:989.

177. Rind D, Wald J and Safran C. Enhancing Confidentiality in a Clinical Information System. 1996;:848.

178. Rittman MR, Gorman RH. Computerized databases: privacy issues in the development of the nursing minimum data set. Comput Nurs (CIN) 1992;Jan-Feb(10 (1)):14-8.

179. Roger FH. [Computers and medico-surgical ethics]. Acta Chir Belg (0H8) 1986;Sept-Oct(86 (5)):291-4.

180. Rogers L, Leppard D. For sale: Your secret medical records for £150. Sunday Times 1995;:1.

181. Sadegh-Zadeh K. Machine over mind. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 1989;1:3-10.

182. Salaman JR, Griffin PJA, Ross W and Haines J. Lifeline Wales: experience with a computerised kidney donor registry. British Medical Journal 1994;308:30-1.

183. Sanz M, Gómez E, Trueba I, Cano P, Arredondo T and Pozo Fd. A Pen-Based System to Support Pre-operative Data Collection Within an Anaesthesia Department. 1993;:321-325.

184. Saperia D, Duncan R, Polaschek J, Russell L and Dulbandzhyan R. Security, Access and Audit Methods for Sensitive Clinical Data. 1999;:1154.

185. Schoenberg R, Sands DZ and Safran C. Patient-Defined Access To A Web-Based Health Information Repository. 1999;:1155.

186. Sieghart P, Dawson J. Computer-aided medical ethics. Journal of Medical Ethics 1987;13(4):185-8.

187. Siegler M. Confidentiality in medicine - a decrepit concept. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;:1518-21.

188. Silverman B, Jones P and Safran C, et al. HOLON: Extending Web Document Libraries Via Objects In Order to Support the Health Information Infrastructure. 1998;:406-10.

189. Smoyak SA. High tech/high touch. Nursing Success Today 1986;3(11):8-16.

190. Snapper JW. Chapter III: Responsibility for Computer-Based Decisions in Health Care. In: Goodman KW, eds. Ethics, Computing and Medicine: Informatics and the Transformation of Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998:43-56.

191. Spackman K, Elert J and Beck R. The CIO and the Medical Informaticist: Alliance for Progress. 1993;:525-528.

192. Stansfield DA. Thomas Beddoes M.D.: 1760-1808. D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1984.

193. Strasberg HR, Tudiver F, Holbrook AM, Geiger G, Keshavjee KK and Troyan S. Moving Towards an Electronic Patient Record: A Survey to Assess the Needs of Community Family Physicians. 1998;:230-234.

194. Sweeney L. Replacing Personally-Identifying Information in Medical Records. 1996;:333-7.

195. Szolovits P. Uncertainty and decisions in medical informatics. Methods of Information in Medicine 1995;34:111-21.

196. Szovolits P, Pauker SG. Computers and clinical decision making: whether, how much, and for whom? Proceedings of the IEEE 1979;67:1224-6.

197. Tang P. The HIPAAcratic oath: do no harm to patient data. Physician Executive 2000;26(3):50-56.

198. Teich JM. Clinical Information Systems for Integrated Healthcare Networks. 1998;:19-28.

199. Thacker SB, Stroup DF. Future directions for comprehensive public health surveillance and health information systems in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 1994;140:383-97.

200. US House of Representatives. Use of Social Security Number as a National Identifier. 1991;.

201. van Bemmel J. Privacy Matters: Who Has the Right to Patient Data? MD Computing 1999;:21-22.

202. van der Leer, OF. The use of personal data for medical research: how to deal with new European privacy standards. Int J Biomed Comput (GQQ) 1994;Feb(35 Suppl):87-95.

203. Walther JB. Research Ethics in Internet-enabled Research: Human Subjects Issues and Methodological Myopia. Ethics and Information Technology 2002;4(3; Internet Research Ethics: International and Interdisciplinary Perspectives):205-16.

204. Wang D, Liau C and Hsu T. Medical privacy protection based on granular computing. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 2004;(32):137-149.

205. Warren JJ, Heermann JA. Integrating Informatics into a Health Systems Nurse Specialist Curriculum. 1998;:1095.

206. Watson BL. Medical Data And Computer Generated Evidence. 1983;:633-638.

207. Weizenbaum J. Compute Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation. Boston, MA: Freeman, 1976.

208. Weizenbaum J. Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation. Boston: Freeman, 1976.

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